Associations Among Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Stressors.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-related stressors (eg, exposure, infection worry, self-quarantining) can result in heightened levels of distress and symptoms of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, we collected survey data from a convenience sample of 670 postpartum persons who gave birth to a newborn during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The presence of PTSD symptoms was measured using the 21-item Birth Memories And Recall Questionnaire (BirthMARQ) and defined as an affirmative rating for each item (score of 5 to 7 on a 1 to 7 agreement scale). Symptoms counts were computed for each of the 6 BirthMARQ domains, 2 symptom clusters (intrusive; mood and cognition alterations), and the total number of symptoms. Symptom counts were analyzed using descriptive statistics. We explored associations among COVID-19 experiences (self-quarantine behaviors, infection worry, exposure) and counts of PTSD symptoms using negative binomial regression models while controlling for postpartum depression screening scores, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, number of weeks postpartum, race, and marital status. RESULTS: Almost 99% of participants reported experiencing at least one of 21 PTSD symptoms (mean, 8.32; SD, 3.63). Exposure to COVID-19 was associated with a 34% greater risk for experiencing intrusive symptoms, specifically, symptoms of reliving the birthing experience as if it were happening now (47% greater risk). Worry surrounding COVID-19 infection was associated with a 26% increased risk for experiencing intrusive recall symptoms in which birth memories came up unexpectantly. COVID-19 quarantining behaviors were not significantly related to increasing PTSD symptoms. Many of the demographic variables included were associated with increasing PTSD symptoms. DISCUSSION: Screening perinatal persons for PTSD is critically important, especially during public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. The integration of comprehensive mental health screening, including specific screening for trauma and symptoms of PTSD, across health care settings can help improve delivery of quality, patient-centered care to postpartum persons.

Validity and Reliability of the Modified Attitudes About Drug Use in Pregnancy Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To contemporize the Attitudes About Drug Abuse in Pregnancy questionnaire, keep the length of the modified scale brief to promote use, and test the psychometric properties of the modified scale among perinatal nurses. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Four hospitals in the Midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: Registered nurses who worked in perinatal units (N = 440). METHODS: We collected data from participants using survey methods. Seven experts in perinatal substance use research and clinical care informed scale modifications. We used a split-sample design involving maternal-newborn units (labor, postpartum) and newborn-focused units (NICU, pediatrics). We evaluated construct validity using factor analysis and reliability using Cronbach's alpha. We tested for differences between units using analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc honest significant difference test of pairwise differences. RESULTS: The final modified scale included 13 items that loaded on one factor and showed internal consistency reliability in both samples (α = .88-.91). We found a statistically significant difference in mean score between NICU and pediatric units; however, the absolute difference was small and likely not clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The Modified Attitudes About Drug Use in Pregnancy scale has initial evidence for validity and reliability, was updated to reflect current terminology in the field, and is a pragmatic tool for use in research.

Postpartum depression and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To describe postpartum depression and associated risk factors among postpartum patients in the United States (US) between February and July 2020. This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design to collect survey data from a convenience sample of postpartum patients who lived in the US and delivered a live infant after the US declared COVID-19 a public health emergency. RESULTS: Our sample included 670 postpartum patients who completed an online survey inclusive of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and selected demographic items (e.g. NICU admission status, infant gestational age, infant feeding method). In our sample, 1 in 3 participants screened positive for postpartum depression and 1 in 5 had major depressive symptoms. Participants who fed their infants formula had 92% greater odds of screening positive for postpartum depression and were 73% more likely to screen positive for major depressive symptoms compared to those who breastfed or bottle-fed with their own human milk. Participants with infants admitted to a NICU had 74% greater odds of screening positive. Each 1 week increase in weeks postpartum increased the odds of screening positive by 4%. Participants who worried about themselves and their infants contracting COVID-19 had 71% greater odds of screening positive.

"Mourning the Experience of What Should Have Been": Experiences of Peripartum Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may significantly affect the peripartum experience; however, little is known about the perceptions of women who gave birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the purpose of our study was to describe the peripartum experiences of women who gave birth during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, we collected survey data from a convenience sample of postpartum women recruited through social media. Participants were 18 years of age or older, lived in the United States, gave birth after February 1, 2020, and could read English. This study was part of the COVID-19 Maternal Attachment, Mood, Ability, and Support study, which was a larger study that collected survey data describing maternal mental health and breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents findings from the two free-text items describing peripartum experiences. Using the constant comparative method, responses were thematically analyzed to identify and collate major and minor themes. RESULTS: 371 participants responded to at least one free-text item. Five major themes emerged: (1) Heightened emotional distress; (2) Adverse breastfeeding experiences; (3) Unanticipated hospital policy changes shifted birthing plans; (4) Expectation vs. reality: "mourning what the experience should have been;" and (5) Surprising benefits of the COVID-19 pandemic to the delivery and postpartum experience. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Peripartum women are vulnerable to heightened stress induced by COVID-19 pandemic sequalae. During public health crises, peripartum women may need additional resources and support to improve their mental health, wellbeing, and breastfeeding experiences.

Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale's use, reliability, and validity: a systematic review.

The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N-PASS) is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to measure neonatal pain and sedation. However, little is known regarding its reliability and validity for diverse neonatal subpopulations. Twenty-nine studies were included in our review, demonstrating broad application of N-PASS and good or excellent reliability and validity for various neonatal subpopulations. Our systematic review found N-PASS to be valid and reliable for many but not all neonatal subpopulations. There is a lack of support for N-PASS reliability and validity for measuring prolonged pain and sedation in nonmechanically ventilated infants and for acute pain in postoperative infants in any gestational age category. Overall, N-PASS is a psychometrically sound and pragmatic instrument evaluating pain and sedation for most neonatal populations. Future research using N-PASS is encouraged to evaluate and report its validity and reliability, especially for neonatal subpopulations not included in this review.